Despite of the gradual disappearing of rheumatic heart disease and other classical risk factors, the incidence of infective endocarditis has not dropped. This is in part due to the evolving of risk factors, especially with the frequent use of prosthetic valves in the recent decades. With mortality rate of 15% or higher, infective endocarditis is a devastating disease, requiring rapid and correct treatments. The mainstay of treatment for endocarditis is still antibiotics, and sur gical therapies are indicated in patents with refractory heart failure, uncontrolled infection or prevention of embolism. With better understanding of the pathogenesis, new era of treatment of infectious endocarditis targets both bacterial and human factors. As the top three crepitus, Staphylococcus aureus, viridians Streptococci and Enterococcus faecalis are the focus of those new treatments.
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